Huw Groucutt passes rolling sand dunes as far as his eye can see when traveling to archaeological sites in the northern Arabian Peninsula.
But the same desert regions were once intermittently lush and green, attracting early humans and large animals such as hippopotamuses migrating out of Africa to linger at ancient lakes, new evidence suggests.
Until a decade ago, the Arabian Peninsula was a blank spot on the map for scientists trying to reconstruct the story of early human evolution and movements out of Africa. Much more is known about early human settlements in the Levant region — modern-day Israel, Jordan, Lebanon and parts of Syria — where extensive archaeological research has been carried out for more than a century.
But the Arabian Peninsula may have also played an important role as a bridge between Africa and Eurasia, a study published in the journal Nature suggests.
“Arabia has not been part of the story of early human migration because so little work was done there before,” said co-author Michael Petraglia, a paleolithic archaeologist with the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena, Germany.
The impetus to look for archeological remains in the region came from satellite imagery that revealed traces of prehistoric lakes in now-arid regions.
“We noticed color patterns made by ancient lakes — sand dunes are kind of orange-colored, while ancient lakes are tinted white or gray,” said Groucutt, also from the Max Planck Institute.
Extensive excavations over a decade revealed stone tools from multiple periods of prehistoric settlement by early human groups, the oldest 400,000 years ago. Analysis of sediment samples from the ancient lakes and remains from hippos and other animals revealed that, during several periods, the peninsula had year-round lakes and grasslands.
During these windows, early humans and animals moved from northeast Africa to the Arabian Peninsula, the researchers say.
“Flowing rivers and lakes, surrounded by grasslands and savanna, would have attracted animals and then the early humans that were in pursuit of them,” Petraglia said.
Hippos require year-round water bodies several yards deep. Remains of other animals, including ostriches and antelopes, indicate “a strong biological connection to northeast Africa,” Petraglia said.
“What this research group has done is really exquisitely combine archaeology and climate records going back 400,000 years to show that early humans moved across this landscape when the climate changed,” said paleoanthropologist Rick Potts, who directs the Human Origins Program at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History.
