Relocated archive opens history of Chicago and its parks to residents

The painstaking move of tens of thousands of drawings, texts and pictures to the archives of the Chicago Public Library puts Chicagoans in closer contact with the history of their parks and the city that grew up around them.

Photos from the archives:

• History of the parks
• History in the parks
• Work and play

The Chicago Park District’s archives are being moved into Chicago Public Library’s Special Collections at the Harold Washington Library Center. They document the growth of the city’s parks and the riots, rallies and recreation they have been home to for more than a century.

The archive – more than 161,000 documents and growing – is by far the largest the public library has ever taken on. The process of moving them has taken years. The variety of items in the collection, from blueprints for monumental building projects by make-no-little-plan architects to toys lent out by New Deal-era toy libraries, reflect the diverse uses Chicagoans have found for their parks.

“I think that’s why I never got bored [after] 28 years on one topic,” said Julia Bachrach, the Park District’s longtime historian and archivist. “Because it covers so many things, its so broad. It’s the most amazing institution in Chicago, the Chicago Park District. It was, and it is today.”

Important historical moments – the 1968 protests against the Democratic National Convention in Grant Park, the launch of the Special Olympics, the Century of Progress exhibition – are also captured in the archive.

The relocated archives have seen a steady stream of visits by researchers interested in topics from landscape architecture to genealogy and historic water fountains according to Johanna Russ, a CPL archivist in charge of the collection.

As big changes come to Jackson Park, courtesy of the Obama Presidential Center and other construction projects, people have turned to the archives for evidence of Frederick Law Olmsted’s original plans for the site.

That’s not the only modern concern researchers have brought to the archive.

“We had one request from an attorney about a murder case. They were trying to prove the location of a playground that was no longer there. It helped with the alibi, in some way,” Russ said.

Ten thousand of the 70,000 photos in the collection are available online. The other photos and drawings can be viewed during visiting hours at Special Collections.

The germ of the collection was the discovery of documents in a half-forgotten vault beneath a parking lot next to Soldier Field in 1987. The next year, Bachrach began working at the Park District as an archivist, part of an effort to get a handle on more than a century of material.

Almost thirty years later, Bachrach began to look for an institution that could look out for the documents after she retired. In 2013, the Park District and the Library signed an agreement and began the transfer. Costs were borne by donations from the Donnelly Foundation and the Parkways Foundation.

The move of the collection posed a daunting logistical challenge.

For one thing, the documents were not only of historical interest. As the park system built, rebuilt, and renovated, its employees and contractors refer back to the plans for the site, so every document had to be digitized before it could be moved to its new home.

The collection was so large that some other parts of CPL had to give up space to accommodate the new demand for space from special collections. Some items – like sometimes to-scale drawings of planned architectural features – were so large the library had to order specially built cabinets to accommodate them. At one point, they contemplated taking door frames off their hinges to make room for the documents in transit.

“That’s what we paid the moving guys to figure out,” CPL archivist Morag Walsh said. “Its archival material, extremely valuable, extremely brittle, fragile. You couldn’t just stick everything up on end and shove it through the door. … We got to be very good friends with them.”

Some especially fragile drawings await conservation, as Special Collections resources and support from donors allow. Most of the written documents in the Park District archives remain at Park District headquarters.

“There’s still a lot to be done. But I don’t know if you can find too many other institutions that have taken on anything as large and complex as this. It’s a tremendous resource that will hopefully continue to grow,” Bachrach said.

History of the Parks

The Chicago Park District was the result of a merger of more than twenty independent park districts in 1934. | Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library, Drawing 1790.

The Field Museum sits alone in an otherwise unimproved part of Grant Park. | Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library, Photograph 033_002_016. Preparatory drawings for one of the two Equestrian Indian statues in Grant Park. | Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library, Drawing 3029.

In the early 20th century, Chicago began to build field houses in its parks that served as community centers, sometimes providing all sorts of social services alongside recreation. The model, pioneered in Chicago, subsequently spread across the country. | Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library, Photograph 040_013_002.

Soldier Field under construction in July, 1923. | Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library

McKinley Park, built in 1901, was an experiment in placing smaller parks in the fabric of Chicago’s neighborhoods. Its success led to a generation of imitators. Before building these parks, park administrators conducted surveys of the area to see how many households they would serve. | Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library, Drawing 1517. A plan drawn up by Fredrick Law Olmsted for the South Parks District in 1871 for Jackson Park, Washington Park, and the Midway Plaisance. The plans have become newly relevant as the Obama Foundation and other actors plan major projects in Jackson Park. | Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library,

A 1905 plan for plantings in Union Park drawn up by Jens Jensen. | Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library,

A 1928 drawing by Edward Bennet of an eagle meant for the top of a flagpole for Grant Park. | Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library, Drawing 2089.

A drawing of a planned gateway in Lincoln Park pool by architect Alfred Caldwell in 1937. | Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library, Drawing 3961. History in the Parks

Material from the collection can suggest which parks were and were not segregated at different points in their history. Here, children play at a pool in Union Park around 1920. | Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library, Photograph 102_007_001.

Two athletes light a torch to open the 1982 Special Olympics at Soldier Field. | Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library, Photograph 125_004_001.

Special Olympics athletes mount the torch platform in 1986. | Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library, Photograph 125_009_005.

1968 protesters gather around the statue of Civil War general John A. Logan, the centerpiece of days of protest. | Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library, Photograph 032_005_014.

Police officers rush a protester along Michigan Avenue. | Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library, Photograph 032_005_009.

In 1966, Martin Luther King visited Chicago to co-lead a campaign against housing segregation. A huge rally at Soldier Field was a high point of their push. | Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library, Photograph 008_014_016.

An aerial view of the Century of Progress Exhibition, which was held in Burnham Park in 1933 and 1934. | Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library, Photograph 006_037_002.

A chart tracking attendance at the Century of Progress Exhibition, which was held on park grounds. | Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library, Drawing 3361.

A land survey showing how the land that would become the southeast corner of Columbus Park was being used in 1905. | Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library, Drawing 1772.

A photo of the future site of Addams Park on the Near West Side in 1952 | Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library, Photograph 002_006_009. Work and Play in the parks

A view of Garfield Park Conservatory’s Aroid House in 1910. | Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library, Photograph 027_016_009.

An undated picture from inside the Show Room at Garfield Park Conservatory. | Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library, Photograph 028_012_011.

An undated view of the Garfield Park Observatory from above. | Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library, Photograph 028_024_003.

A bear in the Lincoln Park Zoo in 1880. | Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library, Photograph 057_002_001.

Kumba, a baby gorilla born in 1970, was the first gorilla born at the Lincoln Park Zoo and only the fifth born in captivity anywhere as part of an effort to rebuild the global gorilla population. | Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library, Photograph 057_010_015.

Bushman the gorilla was a key attraction for the Lincoln Park Zoo from 1930 to 1951. Here, zoo employees celebrate his 22nd birthday in 1950. | Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library, Photograph 057_011_032.

Children and teachers in a New Deal-era in Union Park in 1936. | Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library, Photograph 102_004_002.

A crowd watches a concert in the 1937 Grant Park concert series, then two years old. | Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library, Photograph 034_022_016.

Water polo teams compete in Portage Park for the 1959 Pan-American games. | Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library, Photograph 090_006_012.

An aerial view of North Lawndale’s Douglas Park in 1938. |Chicago Park District Archives, Chicago Public Library, Photograph 017_023_003.