Astronomers, in a flash of luck, solve a mystery about weird cosmic radio bursts

A flash of luck helped astronomers solve a cosmic mystery: What causes powerful but fleeting radio bursts that zip and zigzag through the universe?

Scientists have known about these energetic pulses — called fast radio bursts — for about 13 years and have seen them coming from outside our galaxy, which makes it harder to trace them to what’s causing them. Making it even harder is that they happen so fast — in only a couple of milliseconds.

Then, in April, a rare but considerably weaker burst coming from inside our own Milky Way galaxy was spotted by two dissimilar telescopes: one a California doctoral student’s set of handmade antennas, which, no joke, included actual cake pans, the other a $20 million Canadian observatory.

They tracked that fast radio burst to a weird type of star called a magnetar that’s 32,000 light-years from Earth, according to four studies in the journal Nature.

It wasn’t just the first fast radio burst traced to a source but also the first emanating from our galaxy.

Astronomers say there could be other sources for these bursts, but they’re now sure about one of them: magnetars, which are incredibly dense neutron stars, having 1.5 times the mass of our sun squeezed into a space the size of Manhattan.

Magnetars have enormous magnetic fields that buzz and crackle with energy, and sometimes flares of X-rays and radio waves burst from them, according to McGill University astrophysicist Ziggy Pleunis, a co-author of the Canadian study.

The magnetic field around these magnetars “is so strong any atoms nearby are torn apart, and bizarre aspects of fundamental physics can be seen,” said astronomer Casey Law of the California Institute of Technology, who wasn’t part of the research.

There are only maybe a dozen or so of these magnetars in our entire galaxy, apparently because they are so young and part of the star birth process, and the Milky Way isn’t as flush with star births as other galaxies, said Cornell University’s Shami Chatterjee, who wasn’t part of either discovery team.

This particular burst contained in less than a second about the same energy that our sun produces in a full month, and still that’s far weaker than the radio bursts detected coming from outside our galaxy, said Caltech radio astronomer Christopher Bochenek, who helped spot the burst using his handmade antennas.

Caltech

These radio bursts aren’t dangerous to us.

The ones that come from outside our galaxy and travel millions or billions of light-years are “tens of thousands to millions of times more powerful than anything we have detected in our galaxy,” said co-author Daniele Michilli, an astrophysicist at McGill who was part of the Canadian team.

Scientists think these are so frequent they might happen more than 1,000 times a day outside our galaxy. But finding them isn’t easy.

“You had to be looking at the right place at the right millisecond,” Chatterjee said. “Unless you were very, very lucky, you’re not going to see one of these.”

Even though this is a frequent occurrence outside the Milky Way, astronomers have no idea how often these bursts happen inside our galaxy.

“We still don’t know how lucky we got,” Bochenek said. “This could be a once-in-five-year thing, or there could be a few events to happen each year.”

Bochenek’s antennas cost about $15,000. Each is “the size of a large bucket. It’s a piece of six-inch metal pipe with two literal cake pans around it,” the doctoral student said.

They are crude instruments designed to look at a giant chunk of the sky — about a quarter of it — and see only the brightest of radio flashes.

Bochenek figured he had maybe a one-in-10 chance of spotting a fast radio burst in a few years. After one year, he hit pay dirt.

The Canadian observatory in British Columbia is more focused and refined but aimed at a much smaller chunk of the sky. It was able to pinpoint the source to the magnetar in the constellation Vulpecula.

Because the bursts are affected by all of the material they pass through in space, astronomers might be able to use them to better understand and map the invisible-to-us material between galaxies and “weigh” the universe, said Jason Hessels, chief astronomer for the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy.

Astronomers have many theories for what causes these fast radio bursts — including (really) aliens — and they say that magnetars might not be the only answer

Tracking even one of these outbursts is a welcome surprise and an important finding, Chatterjee said.

“No one really believed that we’d get so lucky,” he said. “To find one in our own galaxy, it just puts the cherry on top.”

Andre Renard / University of Toronto